PDMS-3: Peabody Developmental Motor Scales–Third Edition, Complete Kit - 第三版Peabody動作發展量表，完整套裝

The Peabody Developmental Motor Scales–Third Edition (PDMS-3) is an early childhood motor development program that provides both in-depth assessment and training or remediation of gross and fine motor skills. The assessment measures interrelated motor abilities that develop early in life. The PDMS-3 can be used by occupational therapists, physical therapists, diagnosticians, early intervention specialists, adapted physical education teachers, psychologists, and others who are interested in examining the motor abilities of young children.

The PDMS-3 has five core subtests and one supplemental subtest:

Core Subtests

• Body Control. This subtest measures the ability to move the limbs and trunk, postural reactions, standing, bending, extending, stooping, balancing, jumping upward. It is an estimate of the child's ability to sustain control of his or her body within its center of gravity and retain equilibrium.
• Body Transport. This subtest measures the ability to make movements that propel the child from one location to another, such as rolling, crawling, creeping, walking, running, jumping forward and sideward, sliding, hopping, and skipping. 
• Object Control. This subtest measures the ability to coordinate motor movements that require the incorporation of perception and movement, such as throwing, catching, bouncing, and kicking a ball. 
• Hand Manipulation. This subtest measures the ability to move the hands and fingers (and arms as appropriate) to complete tasks and measure dexterity. This includes manipulation of objects such as blocks, cups, and drawing instruments.
• Eye-Hand Coordination. This subtest measures the ability to interpret visual stimuli in coordination with hand-finger movements. It is an estimate of the child's ability to integrate and use his or her visual perceptual skills to perform complex eye-hand coordination tasks.

Supplemental Subtest

• Physical Fitness. This supplemental subtest measures the ability to perform activities like push-ups, sit ups, repetitive jumps, running speed, throwing for distance, and sit and reach/flexibility. 

Composites

The PDMS-3 has three composites. These composites are derived from combining the results of the subtests to achieve stronger and better indices of performance. The scores of these composites are more reliable and valid than the subtests.

• Gross Motor Index. This composite is a combination of the results of the Body Control, Body Transport, and Object Control (children 16 months and older) subtests, which measure the use of the large muscle systems. This index score represents the child's ability to use the large muscle systems to react to environmental changes, assume a stable posture when not moving, move from place to place, and catch, throw, and kick balls.
• Fine Motor Index. This composite is a combination of the results of the Hand Manipulation and Eye-Hand Coordination subtests, which measure the use of the small muscle systems. This index score represents the child's ability to use his or her fingers, hands, and to some extent arms to grasp objects, stack blocks, draw figures, and manipulate objects.
• Total Motor Index. This composite is formed by a combination of the results of the gross and fine motor core subtests. Because of this, it is the best estimate of overall motor abilities.

Normative Scores

Access to the new PDMS-3 Online Scoring and Report System is now included with the purchase of each PDMS-3 Complete Kit and with the purchase of every replacement pack of Examiner Record Booklets and Supplemental Subtest Booklets. This scoring and report system is a quick, efficient tool for (a) generating materials (blackline masters, lined paper) needed for administration; (b) entering test session results; (c) converting subtest item scores or total raw scores into scaled scores; (d) generating composite index scores, percentile ranks, and upper and lower confidence intervals; (e) comparing PDMS-3 performances to identify significant intra-individual differences; (f) obtaining a score summary or narrative report; and (g) generating treatment goals and objectives based on the item performance of the child.

The PDMS-3 Online Scoring and Report System yields four types of normative scores: age equivalents, percentile ranks, subtest scaled scores, and composite index scores. Age equivalents are indexes of relative standing that translate subtest raw scores into motor ages. Percentiles provide the examiner with an index that is easily understood by parents and other with whom the test results are to be shared. Subtest scaled scores are based on a distribution having a mean of 10 and a standard deviation of 3. Composite indexes are based on a distribution having a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. 

Features

• The subtests of the PDMS–3 were renamed to reflect a better understanding of the skills required by the items. The three gross motor subtests are now titled Body Control, Body Transport, and Object Control. The two fine motor subtests are now Hand Manipulation and Eye–Hand Coordination. 
• A supplemental subtest, Physical Fitness, was added to reflect the current literature's interest in overweight, obesity, and fitness testing of preschool children. 
• The Examiner Record Booklets now contain complete administration and scoring instructions, allowing administration of the test without using the Examiner's Manual.
• A PDMS-3 Scoring Transparency containing images of a protractor and ruler to aid examiners in scoring of certain items is included in the kit.
• The Illustrated Guide to Item Administration was revised, and many illustrations have been replaced or updated. The items are referenced by number within each subtest and each item description includes: (a) the age at which 75% of the children in the normative sample mastered the item, (b) the position the child should be in when the item is administered, (c) the materials (if needed) for presenting the item, (d) the procedure used to test the item, (e) the criterion used to score the item, and (f) the illustration of a child performing the item.
• The Motor Activities Program was revised to be more user friendly. The MAP is the instruction/treatment program for the PDMS-3. It contains units organized developmentally by skill area. After a child's motor skills have been assessed and the examiner has completed all sections of the Profile/Summary Form, the examiner selects units from the MAP to use to facilitate the child's development in specific skill areas.
• The manipulative kit has been expanded to include most of the manipulatives needed for testing to better ensure the standardized administration of items.
• The Peabody Motor Development Chart has been updated. It provides the examiner with a convenient reference for the motor skills measured by the PDMS-3 and the ages at which 75% of the normative sample performed the skill. Each of the subtests is represented along with numerous illustrations of children demonstrating the behaviors described in the text. (Note: B&W chart is included in the PDMS-3 Complete Kit; a full-color version is available separately.)
• The PDMS-3 norms are based on an all-new sample of 1,452 children who were tested from Spring of 2016 through Spring of 2021.
• The demographic characteristics of the sample were stratified by age to conform to those of the projected U.S. under 5 years of age population for the year 2021 as reported in the ProQuest Statistical Abstract of the United States 2021 (ProQuest, 2021) and are thereby representative of the U.S. population. The demographic characteristics of the sample were also stratified by age for geographic region, race, ethnicity, gender, parent education, and household income.
• New and extensive studies of test bias (both differential item functioning and subgroup comparison studies) were conducted, indicating the PDMS-3 possesses little or no bias regarding gender, race, or ethnicity.
• New and extensive criterion-prediction validity studies were conducted to demonstrate the validity of the PDMS-3's subtests and composites, including diagnostic accuracy and receiver operating characteristic/area under the curve (ROC/AUC) analyses. Diagnostic accuracy analyses are particularly rigorous techniques for establishing validity involving the computation of a test's sensitivity index, specificity index, and ROC/AUC. These studies indicate that the PDMS-3 is a highly valid measure of motor skills.
• New studies of construct-identification validity, including studies of age differences, subgroup performance, relationship to language, relationship to social-emotional development, and relationship to adaptive behavior were conducted. Factor analyses of the test's structure by age were also performed. These studies indicated that the PDMS-3's internal structure is sound, and its results are valid for a wide variety of subgroups, as well as for a general population.
• Access to the new PDMS-3 Online Scoring and Report System is now included and provides an efficient and easy way to obtain PDMS-3 scores and corresponding narrative.

COMPLETE PDMS-3 KIT INCLUDES: Examiner's Manual, Guide to Item Administration, Motor Activities Program, Object Kit, Stimulus Cards, 6 in. x 6 in. Paper Pads, 25 Examiner Record Booklets, 25 Supplemental Subtest Booklets, Scoring Transparency, B&W Peabody Motor Development Chart, 25 Peabody Motor Development Parent Charts, and access to the Online Scoring and Report System, all in a sturdy storage box. (©2023)

PDMS-3 是一套幼兒早期動作發展評估與訓練系統，用於評估及訓練（或矯正）粗大動作與精細動作技能。此評估工具測量兒童早期發展的多項相互關聯動作能力。

PDMS-3 可供職業治療師、物理治療師、評估專家、早期介入專業人員、適應體育教師、心理學家及其他關注幼兒動作能力發展的專業人士使用。

核心分測驗（Core Subtests）

身體控制（Body Control）

• 評估四肢及軀幹動作能力
• 評估姿勢反應、站立、彎腰、伸展、下蹲、平衡及向上跳躍能力
• 評估身體控制及平衡能力

身體移動（Body Transport）

• 評估由一個位置移動至另一個位置的能力
• 包括翻身、爬行、匍匐前進、步行、跑步、向前及側向跳躍、滑步、單腳跳及跨步跳

物件控制（Object Control）

• 評估需要結合知覺與動作協調的能力
• 包括投擲、接球、拍球及踢球

手部操作（Hand Manipulation）

• 評估手部、手指及手臂操作能力
• 評估手部靈巧度
• 包括操作積木、杯子及繪圖工具等物件

手眼協調（Eye-Hand Coordination）

• 評估視覺刺激與手指、手部動作的協調能力
• 評估整合及運用視覺知覺技能完成複雜手眼協調活動的能力

補充分測驗（Supplemental Subtest）

體能（Physical Fitness）

• 評估伏地挺身
• 評估仰臥起坐
• 評估連續跳躍
• 評估跑步速度
• 評估遠距離投擲
• 評估坐姿體前彎及柔軟度

綜合指數（Composites）

粗大動作指數（Gross Motor Index）

• 由身體控制、身體移動及物件控制分測驗組成
• 評估大肌肉系統運用能力

精細動作指數（Fine Motor Index）

• 由手部操作及手眼協調分測驗組成
• 評估小肌肉系統運用能力

總動作指數（Total Motor Index）

• 由所有粗大及精細動作核心分測驗組成
• 評估整體動作能力

常模分數（Normative Scores）

• 年齡等值（Age Equivalents）
• 百分等級（Percentile Ranks）
• 分測驗量表分數（Subtest Scaled Scores）
• 綜合指數分數（Composite Index Scores）

產品特色（Features）

• 重新命名分測驗以更準確反映評估技能
• 新增體能補充分測驗
• 評分紀錄冊包含完整施測及評分指引
• 附評分透明板（Scoring Transparency）
• 更新項目施測指南及插圖
• 修訂動作活動計劃（MAP）
• 擴充測試教具套件
• 更新皮博迪動作發展圖表
• 常模建立於 1,452 名兒童樣本
• 提供線上評分與報告系統
• 提供分數摘要及敘述性報告
• 支援治療目標及訓練計劃制定

PDMS-3 完整套裝內容

• 評估員手冊（Examiner's Manual）
• 項目施測指南（Guide to Item Administration）
• 動作活動計劃（Motor Activities Program）
• 測試物件套件（Object Kit）
• 刺激卡（Stimulus Cards）
• 6 吋 × 6 吋紙墊
• 25 本評分紀錄冊（Examiner Record Booklets）
• 25 本補充分測驗紀錄冊（Supplemental Subtest Booklets）
• 評分透明板（Scoring Transparency）
• 黑白版皮博迪動作發展圖表（Peabody Motor Development Chart）
• 25 份家長版動作發展圖表（Parent Charts）
• 線上評分與報告系統使用權
• 收納箱