(OWLS®-II) Oral and Written Language Scales, Second Edition 口語與書寫語言量表（第二版）
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Product Description
Benefit
Provides a complete and integrated picture of oral and written language skills across a wide age range test
Norms
Age-stratified, based on a sample of 2,123 individuals from 31 states, ages 3 through 21, representative of the U.S. population in regard to ethnicity, gender, parental education, and region
Scores
Scale scores include age-based and grade-based standard scores, test-age and grade equivalents, percentile ranks, and descriptive categories
Format
Individually administered; the examinee is asked to speak, point, or write their responses depending on the scale(s) administered.
Admin Time
10-20 minutes for Listening Comprehension Scale; 10-30 minutes for Oral Expression Scale; 10-30 minutes for Reading Comprehension Scale; 15-30 minutes for Written Expression Scale
Ages
3 through 21 years for Listening Comprehension and Oral Expression Scales; 5 through 21 years for Reading Comprehension and Written Expression Scales
Publish Date
2011
Qualifications
Level C required.
Building on the theory and research underpinning the original OWLS, the second edition of this test offers an integrated, global approach to language assessment. The OWLS-II adds a Reading Comprehension Scale, updated norms, new items, a parallel form, improved scoring guidelines, and full-color stimulus materials. Moreover, a helpful new handbook, Foundations of Language Assessment, explains the theory upon which the OWLS-II is based, making it easier to understand the test and interpret results.
Measuring four language processes—separately and with one another—this second edition gives a complete and accurate picture of language skills.
More Than the Sum of Its Parts
The OWLS-II evaluates four language processes on four separate scales: Listening Comprehension, Oral Expression, Reading Comprehension, and Written Expression. Each of these scales assesses four linguistic structures:
- Lexical/Semantic
- Syntactic
- Pragmatic
- Supralinguistic
Because it looks at the same linguistic structures across four distinct language processes, the OWLS-II provides a heavily detailed, coherent, and integrated assessment. Although the scales can be used separately, together they provide a comprehensive score profile to pinpoint language delays, identify strengths and weaknesses in each area, and guide intervention.
LC/OE Scales
Together, the Listening Comprehension and Oral Expression Scales assess receptive and expressive language in 3- through 21-year-olds. Individually administered, both use basals and ceilings to ensure that examinees are given only items that closely approximate their ability levels. Neither scale requires reading on the examinee’s part, and both scales feature colorful, updated artwork that’s balanced in terms of race, gender, and physical differences.
The Listening Comprehension Scale uses a convenient easel to measure receptive language. The examiner reads a stimulus word or phrase aloud, and the student responds by indicating one of four pictures that best depicts the word's meaning. Correct responses are printed on the examiner’s side of the easel and the Record Form—permitting easy, on-the-spot scoring.
The Oral Expression Scale, with its own handy easel, measures expressive language, requiring the examinee to answer questions, finish sentences, and generate sentences in response to visual and oral prompts. To simplify scoring, common responses (correct and incorrect) are printed on the Record Form. Alternative responses that are acceptable are provided to accommodate students who speak African-American English.
RC/WE Scales
The OWLS-II assesses written language on two scales, Reading Comprehension and Written Expression, both for ages 5 to 21.
By pinpointing the basis of deficits in reading and writing skills, the RC/WE Scales help assess language-based learning disabilities. Together, these two scales comprise a high-level achievement test that assesses reading and written language.
New to the second edition, the Reading Comprehension Scale measures receptive aspects of written language. Being based on the same theory and structure as the other OWLS-II scales, it is uniquely effective in identifying language factors that may impair or facilitate reading comprehension. It measures the same linguistic structures as the other scales, as well as text structure. Items typically require the student to read a prompt and choose one of four response options. Again, correct responses are conveniently listed on the Record Form and the examiner’s side of the easel.
The Written Expression Scale, which measures the expressive aspects of written language, has been significantly improved in the OWLS-II. Item additions and revisions enhance the scale’s validity and scope, as well as its ability to elicit a variety of responses and assess higher functioning individuals. The scoring guidelines are also more explicit and provide more detailed results.
This scale uses age-based item sets, rather than basals and ceilings, to ensure that only developmentally appropriate items are administered. Each set includes 14 to 18 items that involve writing tasks similar to what students may encounter in the classroom. Some tasks are open-ended, asking the examinee to complete a story or write a paragraph, for example. Others are structured, requiring the student to fill in blanks or write a dictated sentence. Together, these writing tasks measure the four linguistic structures assessed by the other OWLS-II scales, as well as conventions (spelling, punctuation/capitalization, letter formation) and text structure (organization, details, cohesion).
The examiner presents oral, written, and pictorial prompts, and examinees write their answers in a Response Booklet. The Record Form provides brief scoring rules for reference, and the Manual supplies detailed instructions and examples, as well as guidelines for a qualitative rating of select items. Each Record Form includes item analysis worksheets, allowing quick and qualitative evaluation of strengths and weaknesses.
A New Parallel Form
The Second Edition introduces a parallel form that allows you to retest students on all scales after a brief interval. Form B, which can be used with examinees ages 5 and up, makes it easier to monitor language development over time.
Scores in Several Useful Formats
All four scales provide age- and grade-based standard scores, test-age equivalents, grade equivalents, percentile ranks, and descriptive labels (Exceptional, Above Average, Average, Below Average, or Possibly Disordered). Scale scores can be combined to produce five Composites: Oral Language, Written Language, Receptive Language, Expressive Language, and Overall Language.
The OWLS-II Profile Form—included in the Comprehensive Kits and available as a free download—gives you a clear, graphic representation of the examinee’s performance in each area.
All OWLS-II scales are normed on the same sample of 2,123 subjects, from 3 to 21 years of age, and are nationally representative in terms of gender, ethnicity, geographic region, and parent education. Age-stratified norms are provided at 3-month intervals for ages 3 to 7, at 6-month intervals for ages 8 to 12, at 1-year intervals for ages 13 to 15, and at multiyear intervals for ages 16 and up.
Optional Computer Scoring and Interpretation
The OWLS-II scoring program converts raw scores to scale scores, compares scale scores, calculates composites, and generates a graphic score profile. It also provides high-level item analysis and a narrative synopsis. This program saves time and gives you an extremely useful summary of test results.
Clinical, School, and Research Applications
Because its four scales measure both receptive and expressive oral and written language structures, cover a wide age range, and are co-normed, the OWLS-II is an excellent way to:
- Identify students with learning disabilities, language disorders, and related difficulties according to IDEA requirements
- Design targeted interventions that address potential academic difficulties
- Monitor progress using the new parallel form
- Gather longitudinal data for research purposes
Comprehensive, easy to administer, linked to classroom instruction, and rooted in an integrated theory of language, the OWLS-II provides the information you need to identify and remediate oral and written language problems.
OWLS-II Resources
- Comprehensive Profile Form
- Quick Reference Guide
- Sample Report
- Powerpoint Presentation
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the difference between Form A and B?
Form A begins at age 3 for LC/OE and Age 5 for RC/WE. Form B begins at age 5 for all scales. Aside from the starting age, the forms are parallel and can be used interchangeably. Form B can be given immediately after Form A (or vice versa) if there is a reason to do so.
Why are there no Form B kits?
Most individuals will begin with Form A and will purchase Form B for follow-up testing. Form B uses the same manuals as Form A and therefore the only materials needed for Form B are the easels, record forms, and WE response booklet. These materials are sold as "packs."
What does the scoring software do?
The scoring software provides a narrative summary, as well as any score conversions. It also provides a detailed item analysis.
I bought the original OWLS recently. How long is it good for and when will I need to switch?
The new version does not automatically invalidate the original, we understand that it can take some time to transition to a new version. That being said, ethical guidelines for most professional organizations state that the most up-to-date tests should be used. There is no specific timeframe, but we recommend switching to the new version as soon as possible.
Will the new software support the old test?
No, the new software is only for the OWLS-II.
Terms often used to search for (OWLS 2) Oral and Written Language Scales™, Second Edition
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效益
提供跨廣泛年齡層的口語與書寫語言能力之完整且整合性的評估
常模
基於來自美國 31 個州、共 2,123 名 3–21 歲受試者的年齡分層樣本，並在族群、性別、父母教育程度與地區方面具代表性
分數
提供：
- 年齡與年級標準分數
- 百分等級
- 年齡等值與年級等值
- 描述性分類
形式
個別施測；受測者依測驗類型以口語、指認或書寫方式作答
施測時間
- 聽力理解：約 10–20 分鐘
- 口語表達：約 10–30 分鐘
- 閱讀理解：約 10–30 分鐘
- 書寫表達：約 15–30 分鐘
適用年齡
- 聽力理解／口語表達：3–21 歲
- 閱讀理解／書寫表達：5–21 歲
出版年份
2011
使用資格
需具備 C 級資格
工具介紹
OWLS-II 延續原版理論與研究基礎，提供整合性語言評估方法。
第二版新增：
- 閱讀理解量表
- 更新常模
- 新題項
- 平行版本（Form B）
- 改良計分指引
- 全彩刺激材料
- 理論手冊（語言評估基礎）
四大語言處理能力
OWLS-II 評估四個語言歷程：
- 聽力理解（Listening Comprehension）
- 口語表達（Oral Expression）
- 閱讀理解（Reading Comprehension）
- 書寫表達（Written Expression）
每一量表皆評估四種語言結構：
- 詞彙／語意
- 句法
- 語用
- 超語言
- 提供整合且詳細的語言能力分析
LC/OE（口語語言）量表
聽力理解（LC）
- 施測者朗讀詞語或句子
- 受測者從圖片中選擇答案
口語表達（OE）
- 回答問題
- 完成句子
- 依提示造句
- 不需閱讀能力
- 適用 3–21 歲
RC/WE（書寫語言）量表
閱讀理解（RC）
- 評估書面語言理解能力
- 可辨識影響閱讀理解的語言因素
書寫表達（WE）
- 評估書寫語言表達
- 包含：
- 造句
- 寫段落
- 填空
- 聽寫
並評估：
- 拼字
- 標點
- 組織與連貫性
平行版本（Form B）
- 可進行重測
- 監測語言發展進展
- 適用 5 歲以上
分數與綜合指標
四大分量表可組合為五種綜合分數：
- 口語語言
- 書寫語言
- 接受性語言
- 表達性語言
- 整體語言能力
施測特色
- 採起始與停止規則（basal / ceiling）
- 圖像化刺激材料
- 提供常見答案與評分指引
- 支援多語言變體（如非裔美式英語）
電腦計分系統
可自動：
- 分數轉換
- 計算綜合指標
- 生成圖表
- 提供敘述報告
應用與用途
OWLS-II 可用於：
- 辨識學習障礙與語言障礙（符合 IDEA）
- 制定介入計畫
- 追蹤進展
- 進行研究
臨床價值
OWLS-II：
- 評估範圍廣
- 操作簡便
- 與課堂學習密切相關
- 基於整合語言理論
- 是口語與書寫語言評估的重要工具
| W-602 | OWLS-II Comprehensive Hand-Scored Kit 綜合手動計分套件 | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-602M | OWLS-II Handbook: Foundations of Language Assessment 手冊：語言評估基礎 | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-602S | OWLS-II Comprehensive Software Kit 綜合軟體套件 | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-602U | OWLS-II Unlimited-Use Computer Scoring Software 無限次電腦計分軟體 | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-603 | OWLS-II LC/OE Hand-Scored Kit 聽力理解／口語表達手動計分套件 | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-603A | OWLS-II LC/OE Record Form A (Pack of 25) 記錄表 A（25份） | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-603B | OWLS-II LC Easel 聽力理解展示冊 | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-603BP | OWLS-II LC Digital Easel A 聽力理解數位展示冊 A | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-603C | OWLS-II OE Easel 口語表達展示冊 | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-603CP | OWLS-II OE Digital Easel A 口語表達數位展示冊 A | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-603D | OWLS-II LC/OE Record Form-Form B (Pack of 25) 記錄表 B（25份） | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-603E | OWLS-II LC Easel-Form B 聽力理解展示冊 B | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-603EP | OWLS-II LC Digital Easel B 聽力理解數位展示冊 B | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-603F | OWLS-II OE Easel-Form B 口語表達展示冊 B | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-603FP | OWLS-II OE Digital Easel B 口語表達數位展示冊 B | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-603M | OWLS-II LC/OE Manual 使用手冊 | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-603S | OWLS-II LC/OE Software Kit 軟體套件 | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-603X | OWLS-II LC/OE Form B Pack B版套件 | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-604 | OWLS-II RC/WE Hand-Scored Kit 閱讀理解／書寫表達手動計分套件 | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-604A | OWLS-II RC/WE Record Form (Pack of 25) 記錄表（25份） | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-604B25 | OWLS-II WE Response Booklet (Pack of 25) 書寫表達作答本（25份） | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-604C | OWLS-II RC Easel 閱讀理解展示冊 | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-604CP | OWLS-II RC Digital Easel A 閱讀理解數位展示冊 A | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-604D | OWLS-II WE Easel Form A 書寫表達展示冊 A | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-604DP | OWLS-II WE Digital Easel A 書寫表達數位展示冊 A | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-604E | OWLS-II RC/WE Record Form-Form B (Pack of 25) 記錄表 B（25份） | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-604F | OWLS-II WE Response Booklet-Form B (Pack of 25) 書寫表達作答本 B（25份） | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-604G | OWLS-II RC Easel-Form B 閱讀理解展示冊 B | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-604GP | OWLS-II RC Digital Easel B 閱讀理解數位展示冊 B | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-604H | OWLS-II WE Easel-Form B 書寫表達展示冊 B | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-604HP | OWLS-II WE Digital Easel B 書寫表達數位展示冊 B | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-604M | OWLS-II RC/WE Manual 使用手冊 | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-604S | OWLS-II RC/WE Software Kit 軟體套件 | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-604X | OWLS-II RC/WE Form B Pack B版套件 | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
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