(PPA Scale) Phonological and Print Awareness Scale 音韻與印刷覺識量表
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Product Description
Benefit
Measures early literacy skills, specifically phonological and print awareness, and allows examiners to easily track development
Norms
Nationally representative sample of 1,104 children
Format
Individually administered; the examiner reads items from an easel stimulus book and the examinee provides nonverbal responses
Admin Time
10 to 15 minutes
Ages
3 years, 6 months to 8 years, 11 months
Publish Date
2014
Qualifications
Level B required.
PHONOLOGICAL AND PRINT AWARENESS SCALE (PPA SCALE)
The new Phonological and Print Awareness Scale (PPA Scale) measures early literacy skills and allows examiners to track the development of these skills over time. This research-based, standardized test can be administered quickly and helps identify children who may benefit from early intervention.
The PPA Scale assesses two important literacy skills that consistently demonstrate a strong, predictive relationship with later measures of reading and writing:
- Phonological awareness: The ability to recognize and manipulate the individual sound structures of a whole word without any reliance on print
- Print awareness: The understanding of the elements of print, including alphabet knowledge and concepts about print (for example, reading starts at the top left of a page)
Development of the PPA Scale was guided by expert research and reports highlighting the importance of both phonological and print awareness in learning to read and write successfully.
Useful Regardless of Speech and Language Abilities
The PPA Scale may be used with children ages 3 years, 6 months to 8 years, 11 months—the age range in which most children acquire phonological and print awareness. Because it can be administered in just 10 to 15 minutes and uses a receptive, multiple-choice response format, it is ideal for assessing young children. Using a colorful self-standing easel, the examiner reads instructions and the examinee only has to point to indicate his or her answer—verbal responses are not required. This format makes the PPA Scale useful for evaluating children who have speech impairments and/or expressive language difficulties or are simply reticent.
The PPA Scale has 69 items representing six tasks, which can be evaluated for qualitative purposes. The six tasks measure:
- Rhyming: Ability to recognize rhymes, which is an early phonological skill requiring recognition of the sound structure of language
- Print Knowledge: Ability to recognize important elements of print, including identification of individual capital and lowercase letters
- Initial Sound Matching: Ability to isolate and match the first phoneme (smallest unit of speech sound) in a pair of words
- Final Sound Matching: Ability to isolate and match the last phoneme in a pair of words
- Sound –Symbol: Ability to isolate the initial or final phoneme (sound) and match it to the corresponding grapheme (symbol)
- Phonemic Awareness: Ability to segment the individual phonemes in a word
Based on influential early literacy research with preschoolers and early elementary school children, the items were written to provide a narrow focus on phonological and print awareness skills, without placing demands on other cognitive abilities (for example, memory). All stimulus pictures were reviewed for fairness for use with both males and females of differing ethnic backgrounds.
Identify Areas for Improvement and Monitor Progress
Three parallel forms (A, B, and C), each with an accompanying easel, allow examiners to identify areas needing improvement and easily track progression of these areas over time.
The PPA Scale provides a standard score for comparing a child’s performance to that of typically developing peers of the same age and a growth score that indicates a child’s progress along the continuum of phonological and print awareness abilities measured by the PPA Scale. The growth score is the best way to measure a child’s development over time. In addition, several other scores are provided: descriptive ranges, confidence interval, percentile rank, and test-age equivalent.
A Descriptive Summary on the Record Form offers a qualitative way to evaluate item- and task-level performance. It allows you to easily review the objectives of missed items and discover patterns, which can help identify areas of strength and those that need improvement.
The examinee’s overall abilities as indicated by the standard score and growth score, and the specific areas needing improvement identified by the Descriptive Summary can help inform a targeted intervention plan. This topic is expanded in the companion resource Building Early Literacy Skills: Phonological and Print Awareness Activities. This book offers age-appropriate intervention strategies to improve all of the skills measured by the PPA Scale and build essential vocabulary and oral language skills.
Standardization and Technical Properties
A nationally representative sample of 1,104 examinees was stratified to match the 2010 U.S. Census data in terms of gender, ethnicity, Hispanic origin, region, and head of household’s education level as an estimation of SES (socioeconomic status). A validation sample of 162 children with a speech, language, or other clinical diagnosis was also collected. Analyses of these samples show that the PPA Scale differentiates typical children from those with a learning disability, reading disorder, developmental delay, autism spectrum disorder, or intellectual disability. In addition, it has high internal consistency, test-retest, and alternate form reliability. Further studies provide evidence of the content, construct, convergent, and discriminate validity of the PPA Scale.
Rely on the PPA Scale in Educational, Clinical, and Research Settings
Because of its focused age range, research-based content, and three parallel forms, the PPA Scale has many applications in school and clinical settings:
- Screening to identify children who are behind their peers
- Identifying strengths and areas needing improvement
- Tracking progress over time using the growth scoreand three parallel forms
- Researching the effectiveness of early literacy programs
Results are useful for any professional who measures early literacy skills, including speech –language pathologists, psychologists, reading specialists educational diagnosticians, early childhood specialists, and teachers.
FREE Online Scoring and Reporting
A print record form is required for administration.
BUILDING EARLY LITERACY SKILLS: PHONOLOGICAL AND PRINT AWARENESS ACTIVITIES
BY KATHLEEN T. WILLIAMS, PHD
Based on research, this compilation of educational and fun activities is designed to help young children develop the crucial early literacy skills of phonological and print awareness. It also helps kids improve essential vocabulary knowledge and receptive and expressive oral language skills.
Enjoyable, engaging, and inexpensive, the activities in this book can be completed with young children by just about anyone, including speech–language pathologists, early childhood specialists, special educators, parents, and caregivers. The activities are divided into three parts:
- Part 1: Activities to Develop Phonological and Phonemic Awareness Sections: Rhyming, Sentence and Syllable Segmentation and Blending, Initial and Final Sound Matching, and Phonemic Awareness
- Part 2: Activities to Develop Print Knowledge Sections: Reading Aloud, Recognizing the Functions of Print, and Building Letter Knowledge
- Part 3: Activities to Develop Sound –Symbol Correspondence Sections: Initial Consonants, Consonants and Vowels, Consonant Digraphs and Consonant Blends, and Short and Long Vowel Phonograms
Each activity includes an objective; suggested setting (group or one-on-one); what, if any, materials are needed (such as beads or Play-Doh); and instructions with helpful tips and adaptations for home-use when applicable.
Written for helping professionals and parents alike, the book offers definitions scattered throughout of terms that may not be familiar to all readers. The appendixes include helpful information, including suggested children’s books and checklists. This excellent companion to the PPA Scale is included in the Comprehensive Kit (W-612) and Form A Kit (W-612K).
Terms Often used to search for (PPA Scale) Phonological and Print Awareness Scale
Phonological and Print Awareness Scale, PPA scale, phonological awareness continuum, form, test example, scale details
效益
評估早期識字能力（特別是音韻覺識與印刷覺識），並可輕鬆追蹤發展進程
常模
基於 1,104 名兒童的全國代表性樣本
形式
個別施測；施測者透過展示冊朗讀題目，受測者以非語言方式（指認）作答
施測時間
10–15 分鐘
適用年齡
3 歲 6 個月至 8 歲 11 個月
出版年份
2014
使用資格
需具備 B 級資格
工具介紹
音韻與印刷覺識量表（PPA Scale）是一項以研究為基礎的標準化測驗，用於評估早期識字能力，並可長期追蹤發展變化。
此測驗施測快速，並能有效辨識可能需要早期介入的兒童。
核心評估能力
PPA Scale 評估兩項與閱讀與書寫發展高度相關的能力：
音韻覺識（Phonological Awareness）
辨識與操作語音結構的能力（不依賴文字）
印刷覺識（Print Awareness）
理解文字與閱讀基本概念（如閱讀方向、字母知識）
- 這兩項能力對未來識字發展具有高度預測性
適用族群與優勢
適用於 3 歲 6 個月至 8 歲 11 個月兒童，正是發展識字能力的關鍵期。
本測驗：
- 僅需指認作答（不需口語）
- 適合語言表達困難或害羞的兒童
- 使用彩色展示冊提升參與度
測驗內容（6 大任務）
共 69 題，涵蓋：
- 押韻辨識（Rhyming）
- 印刷知識（Print Knowledge）
- 首音配對（Initial Sound Matching）
- 尾音配對（Final Sound Matching）
- 聲音－符號配對（Sound–Symbol）
- 音素覺識（Phonemic Awareness）
設計特色
- 聚焦識字能力，不依賴其他認知能力（如記憶）
- 圖像設計符合不同性別與文化背景
追蹤與進步評估
提供三種平行版本：
- A、B、C
可用於：
- 辨識弱項
- 長期追蹤發展進展
分數類型
- 標準分數（與同齡比較）
- 成長分數（追蹤進步）
- 百分等級
- 信賴區間
- 年齡等值
- 描述性區間
- 成長分數最適合用於長期追蹤
質性分析功能
記錄表提供描述性摘要，可：
- 分析錯誤題型
- 發現能力模式
- 辨識優勢與弱點
- 有助制定精準介入計畫
應用場景
適用於：
- 篩檢識字落後兒童
- 評估能力優劣
- 追蹤進步
- 評估教學與介入效果
適用專業人員：
- 語言治療師
- 心理師
- 閱讀專家
- 教育評估人員
- 幼教老師
信度與效度
- 標準化樣本：1,104 名兒童
- 臨床樣本：162 名
可區分：
- 學習障礙
- 閱讀障礙
- 發展遲緩
- 自閉症
- 智能障礙
具備：
- 高內部一致性
- 良好重測信度
- 平行版本信度
- 良好效度
輔助教材
《早期識字能力培養：音韻與印刷覺識活動》
（作者：Kathleen T. Williams, PhD）
提供：
- 有趣且實用的教學活動
- 提升音韻覺識與印刷覺識
- 發展詞彙與語言能力
內容分為三部分：
1. 音韻覺識活動
（押韻、音節分割與合成、音素辨識等）
2. 印刷知識活動
（閱讀概念、字母認識等）
3. 聲音與符號對應活動
（子音、母音、拼讀等）
- 適合專業人員與家長使用
| W-612 | PPA Scale Comprehensive Kit 綜合套件 | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-612A | PPA Scale Form A (Pack of 25) A版（25份） | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-612B | PPA Scale Form B (Pack of 25) B版（25份） | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-612C | PPA Scale Form C (Pack of 25) C版（25份） | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-612D | Building Early Literacy Skills: Phonological and Print Awareness Activities 早期識字能力培養活動書 | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-612EA | PPA Scale Easel A 展示冊 A | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-612EAP | PPA Scale Form A Digital Easel A版數位展示冊 | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-612EB | PPA Scale Easel B 展示冊 B | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-612EBP | PPA Scale Form B Digital Easel B版數位展示冊 | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-612EC | PPA Scale Easel C 展示冊 C | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-612ECP | PPA Scale Form C Digital Easel C版數位展示冊 | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-612K | PPA Scale Form A Kit A版套件 | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-612M | PPA Scale Manual 使用手冊 | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
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